瀝青路面坑槽是指在行車荷載和自然環(huán)境作用下路面骨料局部脫落而產(chǎn)生的坑洼結(jié)構(gòu)。《公路瀝青路面養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)規(guī)范》（JTJ 073.2—2001）中將坑槽歸為松散類，是瀝青路面常見的病害之一?？硬鄄『哂须S機(jī)性、突發(fā)性、高發(fā)性和蔓延性等特點(diǎn)，嚴(yán)重影響瀝青路面的平整度、行車的舒適性和安全性，降低瀝青路面的使用壽命[1-4]。

　　Asphalt pavement potholes refer to the concave structures formed by the partial detachment of pavement aggregates under the action of driving loads and natural environment. According to the Technical Specification for Maintenance of Asphalt Pavement on Highways (JTJ 073.2-2001), potholes are classified as loose and are one of the common diseases of asphalt pavement. Pit and groove diseases have the characteristics of randomness, suddenness, high incidence, and spread, which seriously affect the smoothness, comfort, and safety of asphalt pavement, and reduce the service life of asphalt pavement [1-4].

　　瀝青路面的坑槽病害發(fā)生于路面鋪筑的前期、中期以及后期運(yùn)營階段。前期發(fā)生主要由于路基承載能力不足，在行車荷載作用下出現(xiàn)沉降，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致路面出現(xiàn)網(wǎng)裂、松散；中期主要是由于原材料性能不足，混合料配合比設(shè)計不合理，混合料的拌合、運(yùn)輸、攤鋪、碾壓技術(shù)不合理等會導(dǎo)致路面坑槽的形成；運(yùn)營期間一方面由于瀝青路面自身性能衰減，另一方面行車荷載、自然環(huán)境、油氣污染等導(dǎo)致路面結(jié)構(gòu)松散，從而形成坑槽[5-7]。在《公路瀝青路面養(yǎng)護(hù)技術(shù)規(guī)范》（JTJ 073.2—2001）中根據(jù)坑槽病害的嚴(yán)重程度可將其分為輕微破損坑槽、中等破損坑槽、較嚴(yán)重破損坑槽、嚴(yán)重破損坑槽。根據(jù)坑槽病害的成因及出現(xiàn)的位置可分為表面層坑槽、表面層與中面層坑槽、下面層與基層坑槽、剛性組合路面坑槽。

　　The pothole disease of asphalt pavement occurs in the early, middle, and later stages of pavement construction and operation. The early occurrence was mainly due to insufficient bearing capacity of the roadbed, which resulted in settlement under the action of traffic loads, leading to network cracks and looseness of the road surface; In the mid-term, the main reasons for the formation of potholes on the road surface are due to insufficient performance of raw materials, unreasonable mix proportion design of the mixture, and unreasonable mixing, transportation, paving, and rolling techniques of the mixture; During operation, on the one hand, the performance of the asphalt pavement deteriorates, and on the other hand, the road structure becomes loose due to factors such as traffic loads, natural environment, and oil and gas pollution, resulting in the formation of potholes [5-7]. In the Technical Specification for Maintenance of Asphalt Pavement on Highways (JTJ 073.2-2001), potholes can be classified into minor damage potholes, moderate damage potholes, relatively severe damage potholes, and severe damage potholes based on the severity of pothole diseases. According to the causes and locations of potholes, they can be divided into surface layer potholes, surface layer and middle layer potholes, bottom layer and base layer potholes, and rigid combination pavement potholes.

　　瀝青路面坑槽病害常見的修補(bǔ)方式分為熱補(bǔ)法和冷補(bǔ)法，其中熱補(bǔ)法是高速公路現(xiàn)階段坑槽修補(bǔ)的主要方式，適用于各類坑槽病害的修補(bǔ)，該技術(shù)成熟，處治效果好，耐久性較強(qiáng)，但封閉交通時間長，施工復(fù)雜，低溫適用性差且污染嚴(yán)重；冷補(bǔ)法不受低溫天氣、雨雪季節(jié)的影響，修補(bǔ)工藝簡單、易操作，節(jié)能環(huán)保，開放交通快，具有良好的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，逐步得到了市場的認(rèn)可和推廣[8-11]。但是，目前冷補(bǔ)法存在修補(bǔ)效果差、耐久性不足等問題，制約著冷補(bǔ)技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展；所以，提高冷補(bǔ)料的性能是瀝青路面坑槽冷修補(bǔ)技術(shù)亟需解決的問題。

　　The common repair methods for potholes on asphalt pavement are divided into hot repair method and cold repair method. Among them, hot repair method is the main method for pothole repair on highways at present, which is suitable for repairing various pothole diseases. This technology is mature, has good treatment effect, strong durability, but has long closed traffic time, complex construction, poor low-temperature applicability, and serious pollution; The cold repair method is not affected by low temperature weather, rainy and snowy seasons. The repair process is simple, easy to operate, energy-saving and environmentally friendly, and has good social and economic benefits. It has gradually gained market recognition and promotion [8-11]. However, the current cold repair method has problems such as poor repair effect and insufficient durability, which restrict the further development of cold repair technology; Therefore, improving the performance of cold patching materials is an urgent problem that needs to be solved in the cold patching technology of asphalt pavement potholes.

　　國內(nèi)外冷補(bǔ)料研究進(jìn)展

　　Research progress on cold feed materials at home and abroad

　　國外冷補(bǔ)料研究進(jìn)展

　　Research progress on cold feed materials abroad

　　國外對于瀝青冷補(bǔ)料的研究較早，早在20世紀(jì)初美國和前蘇聯(lián)就開始著手路面坑槽冷補(bǔ)方面的研究，隨后日本、歐洲等國家也相繼探索這一領(lǐng)域。當(dāng)時使用的結(jié)合料主要為乳化瀝青，它被視為冷補(bǔ)技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵一環(huán)而被各國深入研究，并取得了較多的成果，開發(fā)出更多新型的修補(bǔ)材料。

　　Research on asphalt cold patching materials was conducted earlier in foreign countries. As early as the early 20th century, the United States and the former Soviet Union began to study the cold patching of road potholes. Subsequently, countries such as Japan and Europe also explored this field. At that time, the main binder used was emulsified asphalt, which was regarded as a key link in cold repair technology and deeply studied by various countries, achieving many results and developing more new repair materials.

　　俄羅斯的研究表明，瀝青冷補(bǔ)料和傳統(tǒng)熱補(bǔ)料的本質(zhì)差別在于：前者采用的是稀釋瀝青，黏度較低，常溫下呈現(xiàn)液態(tài)或半固態(tài)；后者使用的是基質(zhì)瀝青，只有在高溫下才具有流動性，才能夠進(jìn)行施工作業(yè)。另外，還有研究表明，礦粉的用量會影響礦料表面瀝青膜的厚度，是影響冷料修補(bǔ)效果的關(guān)鍵。

　　Russian research shows that the essential difference between asphalt cold patching and traditional hot patching lies in the fact that the former uses diluted asphalt with lower viscosity, which appears liquid or semi-solid at room temperature; The latter uses matrix asphalt, which only has fluidity at high temperatures and can be used for construction operations. In addition, studies have shown that the amount of mineral powder used can affect the thickness of the asphalt film on the surface of the mineral material, which is the key factor affecting the effectiveness of cold material repair.

　　美國公路戰(zhàn)略研究計劃（SHRP）對瀝青路面坑槽冷 補(bǔ)技術(shù)進(jìn)行了試驗研究，著重研究了冬季低溫條件下冷修補(bǔ)料用于坑槽臨時修補(bǔ)的技術(shù)及冷修補(bǔ)料的強(qiáng)度要求，提出了一整套完整的瀝青路面技術(shù)規(guī)范。

　　The Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) conducted experimental research on cold repair technology for asphalt pavement potholes, focusing on the technology of using cold repair materials for temporary pothole repair under low temperature conditions in winter and the strength requirements of cold repair materials. A complete set of technical specifications for asphalt pavement was proposed.

　　英國研發(fā)了一種瀝青路面坑槽冷補(bǔ)材料，并在1991年 頒布了針對瀝青路面坑槽修補(bǔ)的相關(guān)規(guī)范，禁止使用之前的瀝青碎石。英國運(yùn)輸與道路研究所對于瀝青路面冷補(bǔ)料的研究較為深入，研發(fā)的冷補(bǔ)料具有較好的使用性能。

　　The UK has developed a cold repair material for asphalt pavement potholes and issued relevant specifications for asphalt pavement pothole repair in 1991, prohibiting the use of previous asphalt crushed stones. The Transport and Road Research Institute in the UK has conducted in-depth research on cold patching materials for asphalt pavements, and the developed cold patching materials have good performance.

　　日本昭和瀝青工業(yè)株式會社研制出不同型號的稀釋劑，生產(chǎn)出多種類型的瀝青修補(bǔ)材料，其中用于冬季的修補(bǔ)材料在低溫下也能夠很好地進(jìn)行施工。

　　Showa Asphalt Industry Co., Ltd. in Japan has developed different types of diluents and produced various types of asphalt repair materials. Among them, the repair materials used in winter can also be well applied at low temperatures.

　　加拿大的 TCG 材料公司研制了一種儲存式瀝青混合料。它是將基礎(chǔ)瀝青、添加劑、稀釋劑以及級配良好的集料按照一定的工藝制備成的冷補(bǔ)瀝青修補(bǔ)料。該混合料選用改性瀝青作為基礎(chǔ)瀝青，推薦采用堿性集料（如石灰?guī)r），礦料級配有多種系列，以適應(yīng)于不同場合的需要。所有級配類型從骨架結(jié)構(gòu)來看均屬于開級配骨架空隙結(jié)構(gòu)，級配范圍廣，礦粉用量極少，最佳瀝青用量在4.5%~5.5%。

　　TCG Materials, a Canadian company, has developed a storage asphalt mixture. It is a cold patching asphalt repair material prepared by a certain process using basic asphalt, additives, diluents, and well graded aggregates. This mixture uses modified asphalt as the base asphalt, and it is recommended to use alkaline aggregates (such as limestone). There are various series of mineral aggregate gradations to meet the needs of different occasions. All grading types belong to the open graded skeleton void structure from the perspective of skeleton structure, with a wide grading range and very little mineral powder content. The optimal asphalt content is between 4.5% and 5.5%.

　　國外的冷補(bǔ)瀝青修補(bǔ)料大多數(shù)都是采用不同的乳化瀝青或稀釋瀝青與級配適當(dāng)?shù)牡V料制備而成的。通過不斷地改進(jìn)冷補(bǔ)瀝青料的原材料性能、級配設(shè)計以及制備工藝，盡可能提高冷補(bǔ)瀝青料的技術(shù)性能。目前已經(jīng)形成了比較成熟的制備工藝和產(chǎn)品系列，并廣泛應(yīng)用于實體工程中。

　　Most of the cold patching asphalt repair materials abroad are prepared using different emulsified asphalt or diluted asphalt and appropriately graded mineral materials. By continuously improving the raw material properties, grading design, and preparation process of cold patching asphalt, the technical performance of cold patching asphalt is maximized. At present, a relatively mature preparation process and product series have been formed and widely applied in physical engineering.

　　國內(nèi)冷補(bǔ)料研究進(jìn)展

　　Research progress on domestic cold feed materials

　　國內(nèi)對于冷補(bǔ)瀝青修補(bǔ)的研究起步于20世紀(jì)90年代， 并借鑒外國冷修補(bǔ)技術(shù)，先后研制了多種溶劑型瀝青路面坑槽修補(bǔ)材料，取得了一定的成果，并且有些材料已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于實體工程中，但是相對于國內(nèi)道路養(yǎng)護(hù)的需求仍不完善，需要做更深層次的研究。

　　The research on cold patching asphalt repair in China started in the 1990s and drew on foreign cold patching techniques. Various solvent based asphalt pavement pit repair materials have been developed and achieved certain results. Some materials have been applied in physical engineering, but the demand for road maintenance in China is still not perfect, and deeper research is needed.

　　東北林業(yè)大學(xué)進(jìn)行了溶劑型冷補(bǔ)料的長期使用性能研究，其主要針對2類材料，一種是瀝青加煤油，一種是瀝青加柴油。通過大量的室內(nèi)試驗，并在此基礎(chǔ)上鋪筑試驗路，與乳化型常溫瀝青混合料進(jìn)行對比分析，經(jīng)過2年的觀察，路表沒有出現(xiàn)裂縫，路用性能較好，但由于混合料油量偏大、拌合不均勻等，路表出現(xiàn)輕微的擁包及泛油現(xiàn)象。

　　Northeast Forestry University conducted a long-term performance study on solvent based cold patching materials, mainly targeting two types of materials: asphalt and kerosene, and asphalt and diesel. Through a large number of indoor tests and laying test roads on this basis, a comparative analysis was conducted with emulsified ambient temperature asphalt mixture. After 2 years of observation, there were no cracks on the road surface, and the road performance was good. However, due to the high oil content and uneven mixing of the mixture, there were slight bulges and oil bleeding on the road surface.

　　山西省公路管理局對于冷補(bǔ)料冬季修補(bǔ)坑槽的研究與推廣較早，在太長線、108國道、307線壽陽路段以及交 通量較大的太舊高速上鋪筑了試驗路段，經(jīng)過半年觀測， 效果良好。太原公路分局中心實驗室研發(fā)的低溫瀝青混合料冬季修補(bǔ)技術(shù)，采用袋裝瀝青混合料修補(bǔ)坑槽，取得了良好的效果。

　　The Shanxi Provincial Highway Administration conducted early research and promotion on winter repair of potholes with cold patching materials. Experimental sections were laid on the Taichang Line, 108 National Highway, 307 Shouyang Road, and the heavily trafficked Taijiu Expressway. After six months of observation, the results were good. The low-temperature asphalt mixture winter repair technology developed by the Taiyuan Highway Sub bureau Central Laboratory uses bagged asphalt mixture to repair potholes and has achieved good results.

　　吉林省公路管理局研究了低溫修補(bǔ)瀝青混合料，并在25 ℃條件下，對國道102線路面破損的地方進(jìn)行了修復(fù)，經(jīng)過1年多的應(yīng)用，證明低溫瀝青混合料用于冬季瀝青路面的修補(bǔ)和養(yǎng)護(hù)是完全可行的。1997年起，該技術(shù)作 為吉林省公路養(yǎng)護(hù)管理行業(yè)重點(diǎn)新技術(shù)在全省推廣，截止2001年已經(jīng)累計修補(bǔ)了5 000 ㎡路面，取得了較大的社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

　　The Jilin Provincial Highway Management Bureau has studied low-temperature repair asphalt mixture and repaired the damaged areas of National Highway 102 under 25 ℃ conditions. After more than a year of application, it has been proven that low-temperature asphalt mixture is completely feasible for repairing and maintaining winter asphalt pavement. Since 1997, this technology has been promoted as a key new technology in the highway maintenance and management industry in Jilin Province. As of 2001, a total of 5000 square meters of road surfaces have been repaired, achieving significant social and economic benefits.

　　河北省河間市交通局公路管理站研發(fā)出了一種溶劑型冷補(bǔ)料，是在瀝青中適量摻入RM55號溶劑以及植物油 作為冷補(bǔ)液，并根據(jù)氣溫高低加入適量添加劑。該混合料可常溫貯存?zhèn)溆没蛘咧苯邮褂谩?/p>

　　The Highway Management Station of Hejian City Transportation Bureau in Hebei Province has developed a solvent based cold supplement material, which is a cold supplement liquid made by adding RM55 solvent and vegetable oil in an appropriate amount to asphalt, and adding appropriate additives according to the temperature. This mixture can be stored at room temperature for future use or used directly.

　　遼寧省北鎮(zhèn)市研制的低溫冷補(bǔ)瀝青混合料，其冷補(bǔ)液配制是在瀝青中摻入20#輕油， 并在稀釋瀝青中摻入TZ-1植物油，混合料采用較高的油石比（6%），經(jīng)過多年 的改進(jìn)研究，取得了不錯的效果。

　　The low-temperature cold patching asphalt mixture developed in Beizhen City, Liaoning Province, is formulated by adding 20 # light oil to the asphalt and TZ-1 vegetable oil to the diluted asphalt. The mixture has a high oil to stone ratio (6%) and has achieved good results after years of improvement and research.

　　長安大學(xué)張秀華等進(jìn)行了溶劑型冷補(bǔ)膠結(jié)料的研制， 并且成品——HU-L研制成功。此材料具有較好的環(huán)保性和施工簡便性；修復(fù)完成后初期在荷載的作用下會不斷與舊瀝青路面黏結(jié)、融合；路面具有一定的柔軟性；修補(bǔ)材料不粘車輪，不粘修復(fù)工具，受天氣影響較小，施工成本降低。

　　Zhang Xiuhua and others from Chang'an University have developed solvent based cold patching binders, and the final product, HU-L, has been successfully developed. This material has good environmental friendliness and ease of construction; After the repair is completed, it will continuously bond and fuse with the old asphalt pavement under the action of load in the early stage; The road surface has a certain degree of softness; The repair material does not stick to the wheels or repair tools, and is less affected by weather, reducing construction costs.

　　同濟(jì)大學(xué)呂偉民教授對溶劑型冷補(bǔ)瀝青混合料的強(qiáng)度形成機(jī)理進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究，認(rèn)為材料的介質(zhì)是瀝青， 瀝青分子間的作用是黏結(jié)力的重要來源，瀝青分子的稠度是黏結(jié)性、強(qiáng)度的來源，通過分析升溫、加壓后瀝青分子的布朗運(yùn)動研究冷補(bǔ)料的性能，結(jié)果表明冷補(bǔ)瀝青混合料的性能主要與瀝青黏度、礦粉用量、瀝青膜厚度等相關(guān)。

　　Professor Lv Weimin from Tongji University conducted a systematic study on the strength formation mechanism of solvent based cold patching asphalt mixtures. He believed that the medium of the material is asphalt, and the interaction between asphalt molecules is an important source of bonding strength. The viscosity of asphalt molecules is the source of bonding and strength. By analyzing the Brownian motion of asphalt molecules after heating and pressurization, the performance of cold patching asphalt mixtures was studied. The results showed that the performance of cold patching asphalt mixtures is mainly related to asphalt viscosity, mineral powder dosage, asphalt film thickness, etc.

　　綜合對比國內(nèi)外對冷補(bǔ)料的研究現(xiàn)狀可知：中國對于冷補(bǔ)瀝青混合料的研究相對不足，理論研究不夠完善， 研究體系不夠系統(tǒng)；由于材料、工藝以及設(shè)備的不足，仍然存在修復(fù)后耐久性差、抗沖刷能力差、易出現(xiàn)二次病害等問題[12-18]。但是，從國內(nèi)對于冷修補(bǔ)技術(shù)的投入力度以及科研強(qiáng)度來看，研發(fā)出具有普遍適用性、廣泛應(yīng)用于工程實體的冷補(bǔ)瀝青混合料指日可待。

　　Based on a comprehensive comparison of the research status of cold patching asphalt mixtures both domestically and internationally, it can be concluded that China's research on cold patching asphalt mixtures is relatively insufficient, with incomplete theoretical research and an insufficiently systematic research system; Due to insufficient materials, processes, and equipment, there are still problems such as poor durability, poor resistance to erosion, and susceptibility to secondary diseases after repair [12-18]. However, from the perspective of domestic investment and research intensity in cold repair technology, the development of cold repair asphalt mixtures with universal applicability and wide application in engineering entities is just around the corner.

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